Network Visualization with R

chuc1803@gmail.com 

Trong lĩnh vực khoa học dữ liệu (Data Science) thì trực quan hóa dữ liệu (data visualization) là công việc rất quan trọng giúp hiểu được đặc trưng của dữ liệu cũng như phát hiện các mối quan hệ trong dữ liệu một cách trực quan.

Bài viết này giới thiệu cách trực quan hóa dữ liệu bằng Network trong gói igraph của R .

Ví dụ minh họa sử dụng dataset dist_vn. Đây là dữ liệu về khoảng
 cách (km) giữa 8 thành phố của Việt Nam được lưu trong file Excel:

Bước 1. Install and load igraph package

install.packages("igraph")

library(igraph)

Bước 2. Reading dataset

#Reading dataset

setwd("D:/R")

library(xlsx)

dist_vn <- read.xlsx("dist_vn.xlsx",1, header=T)

dist_vn

 Rõ ràng dữ liệu ở dạng bảng như vậy rất khó cho việc quan sát, 
nhận định về khoảng cách giữa các thành phố 
(thực tế thì dữ liệu rất nhiều dòng và nhiều cột nên càng khó quan sát hơn).

Bước 3. Data preparation

Xóa cột đầu tiên và lấy tên cột đầu tiên gán cho tên dòng

Bước 5. Thực hiện MDS và trực quan hóa

Thực hiện Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) bằng hàm cmdscale() 
để lấy tọa độ x và y với k là số chiều tối đa của không gian biểu diễn.

fit <- cmdscale(dist_vn, eig = TRUE, k = 2)

x <- fit$points[, 1]

y <- fit$points[, 2]

Trực quan hóa kết quả, vị trí của các thành phố gần nhau tùy thuộc 
vào khoảng cách giữa chúng.

plot(x, y, pch = 19, xlim = range(x) + c(0, 300))

text(x, y, pos = 4, labels = row.names(dist_vn))

Để dễ trực quan hơn, ta tạo ra một network gồm 8 nodes tương ứng với 8 thành phố dựa vào ma trận khoảng cách giữa chúng.

g <- graph.full(nrow(dist_vn))

V(g)$label <- row.names(dist_vn)

layout <- layout.mds(g, dist = as.matrix(dist_vn))

plot(g, layout = layout, vertex.size = 12)

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